Understanding Uterine Fibroids

Uterine fibroids or leiomyomas are benign tissue growth within a woman's uterus. These fibroids often appear during reproductive years. They are not associated with an increased risk of uterine cancer or malignancies but can provoke a variety of uncomfortable symptoms. These masses can vary from tiny, undetectable fibroids to large masses that can distort the uterus. Distortion of the uterine lining can lead to enlargement of the uterus. Patients often are unaware that they have uterine fibroids due to their asymptomatic nature. However, symptomatic women may experience:

• Heavy menstrual bleeding

• Menstrual periods lasting longer than a week

• Pelvic pressure

• Pain in the pelvic area

• Frequent urination

• Inability to empty the bladder completely

• Constipation

• Back ache

• Leg cramps

Fibroids predominantly grow in 3 areas of the uterus: intramural, submucosal and subserosal. Intramural fibroids grow in the uterine muscular wall. Submucosal fibroids penetrate into the uterine mucosa. Fibroids that grow outside of the uterine cavity are referred to as subserosal fibroids. Patients should seek care if pelvic pain does not cease, experiencing extremely painful or prolonged menstrual cycle, or anemia. Causes of uterine fibroids can be attributed to genetic and hormonal changes and growth factors within the extracellular matrix. Specifically, insulin-like growth factor has been linked to fibroid growth. Increased risk of uterine fibroids can be seen in African American women, those with a first-degree relative affected by uterine fibroids, obesity, vitamin D deficiency and unhealthy diet. Fibroids may cause discomfort and in severe cases may cause infertility.

References

Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. (2021, September 16). Uterine Fibroids. Mayo Clinic. Retrieved September 10, 2022, from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/uterine-fibroids/symptoms-causes/syc-20354288